What is abstract reasoning? How to answer an example test question

Abstract reasoning tests are a type of logical reasoning assessment. Employers use abstract reasoning questions to judge your ability to think laterally.

In this guide, we’ll explain what abstract reasoning is and walk through an example question and answer. That way, you’ll know what to expect if you face an abstract reasoning test at an assessment centre or any other point in the recruitment process.

We’ll cover:

• What is abstract reasoning?
• What is an abstract reasoning test?
• Abstract reasoning example question and answer

Abstract reasoning is a type of logical thinking that helps you solve problems. If you’ve got abstract reasoning skills, you can think conceptually. That means you understand complex ideas even if you don’t know of concrete examples (ie. people, experiences, objects).

The greater your abstract reasoning, the better you’ll be at identifying relationships, patterns and trends. The ability to think broadly is a problem-solving skill employers value.

An abstract reasoning test is an assessment that measures your abstract thinking.

Typically, you’ll be given a series of images that follow a logical sequence or underlying rule. You may need to build on that rule, identify a code or find a missing diagram.

You’ll potentially come across abstract reasoning tests at assessment centres or elsewhere in the recruitment process. Some university entrance exams also include abstract reasoning questions.

Sometimes, they’re referred to as conceptual reasoning tests or diagrammatic reasoning tests (specifically for visual patterns or sequences in diagrams).

The best way to get to grips with an abstract reasoning test is to practise similar assessments, so we’ve put together a walkthrough for an example question below.

Here's how to answer an abstract reasoning question.

We're going to start with a typical question. We’ll then break it down and explain the best way to work out the answer.

Which of the options below comes next in this sequence? Select one of the options A-E below.

The example question asks you to identify which option comes next in the sequence.

To do this, look at each element in every stage of the sequence (ie. the white right angle, the black right angle and the arrow – not just each square as a whole). Track how each part changes throughout the five steps. That should reveal a pattern that you can use to work out what the sixth step will look like.

Let’s look at it again:

And now let’s break it down element by element:

White right angle

The white right angle starts in the bottom right of the square. It then moves clockwise around the square, one step at a time.

Once you identify the pattern, you can anticipate that in the sixth square, the white right angle will appear in the bottom left.

Black right angle

The black right angle starts in the top left. Just like the white right angle, it also moves clockwise around the square one step at a time. Following the pattern, it should appear in the top right corner of the sixth square.

Remember that although our example shows two shapes moving in the same direction, it won’t always be like this. That’s why you must look at each shape individually and not make assumptions.

Arrow

The arrow points left in the first step, down in the second and up in the third. It appears to repeat the three-stage pattern as it’s back pointing left in the fourth and then down in the fifth.

On this basis, you’d expect the arrow to point upwards in the sixth.

All together now

Putting together each part of the above analysis, we’d expect the sixth square in the sequence to show:

• A white right angle in the bottom left
• A black right angle in the top right
• An arrow pointing upwards

If you look back at the options, you can now confirm that “B” is the correct answer.

Abstract reasoning helps you spot patterns by thinking conceptually. It’s an excellent tool for logical problem-solving.

You might not be applying for a job as a codebreaker, but having abstract reasoning is still important. It shows that you can think broadly and can tackle issues without concrete examples. It’s a great skill to have, which is why employers will sometimes assess candidates for it.

If you’re facing an abstract reasoning test, you’ll need to answer questions under time-limited conditions. While it can be tricky to think logically under pressure, you can do it. Take a deep breath and take it one step at a time. By breaking questions down and analysing individual elements, the test will soon become more manageable.

If you’re struggling with abstract reasoning, boost your logical thinking with puzzles and games like chess. Plus, it’s great to practise abstract reasoning questions. Try to find example papers for the type of test you’re due to take.

For more guidance, visit our guide to logical reasoning tests and tips on how to prepare.